Multicultural Education And Its Impact On Children s View...

Bled 414 Final Report Myra Munroe May 2, 2016 Multicultural Education Abstract When asked to define multicultural education as it pertains to teaching, I would have to say that it is a blending of different aspects of cultures and history which also includes important contributions to mankind by any given culture, so as not to eliminate the children’s view of self but rather to broaden their horizons. It also includes the ability to teach compassion and equality for all life eliminating racism and social injustice to create a better world on child at a time. It is exactly these reasons that I decided to give teaching a try. Having experienced firsthand the public school systems growing up and watching my two oldest children being†¦show more content†¦I have had to ask myself why it is that white children are seem so differently within the scope of education. I do not feel that they should be. If we as educators think in these dimensions, we are depriving not only ourselves but also the children/ students equal voice in the classroom and educati onal prospects. In as much as Hispanic, Native American and African American children’s cultures are important, so too is the culture of the White child. This is a problem addressed in, Nieto page 42 which states: â€Å"Being antiracist and ant discriminatory means being mindful of how some students are favored over others in school policies and practices such as the curriculum, choice of materials. Sorting policies, and teachers’ interactions and relationships with students and their families.† I believe this means that no child regardless of race should be treated equally. When singled out in this course we are giving the White children the same mistreatment that others are giving children of other races. We should strive to eliminate all bias towards teaching and the first step to this is looking at and working to eliminate our own prejudices. Learning and Community Service Working with different people for my community service project I had to interact with persons of all ages and races. I was also reminded of times when I was on the receiving end of charity through the

Currency Risk Test Free Essays

The following scenario relates to Q1-5. R2F is expecting a receipt of $650,000 from a USA customer in four months’ time. The company has obtained a forward rate of  £1. We will write a custom essay sample on Currency Risk Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now 88/$. The current spot rate in the market is  £1.65/$. R2F can obtain a short-term loan of $ at 5% per annum. The relevant information is as follows: Short term $ deposit 3% per annum Short term $ borrowing 7% per annum Q1. Calculate the income using Forward market hedging? (MCQ)  £323,126  £329,281  £345,745  £419,355 (2 marks) Q2. Calculate the income using Money market hedging (to nearest  £)? (FIB) 3511551333500 £ (2 marks) Q3. Which of the following is not a way to reduce transaction risk? (MCQ) R2F will deal in pounds R2F will create a bank account in the USA R2F will net off the receipts with a supplier payment to made in China R2F should expect that there is no transaction risk taking no action (2 marks) Q4. If R2F’s competitor in a different country has a lower exchange rate, what kind of impact will it have on R2F? (MCQ) Currency impact Indirect impact Tax impact Direct impact (2 marks) Q5. R2F is trying to hedge using derivatives for the first time. Which of the following is the most cost-effective? (MCQ) Futures Options Forward contract Swaps (2 marks) The following scenario relates to Q6-10. Gaffs Co is located in China; the company has a loan in dollars at a fixed interest rate. The yield curve has indicated an upcoming recession which will increase the dollar interest rate. Gaffs Co has to pay an interest of $30,000 in six months’ time. The information is as follows: Spot Rate $/ ¥ $10.2 – $10.6 6 month Forward rate $/ ¥ $10.35 – $10.94 Borrow Deposit Dollar 8% per annum 6.3% per annum Yen 3.3% per annum 1.2% per annum Q6. Calculate the payment to be made using Forward market hedging (to nearest hundred)? (FIB) 3816356096000 ¥ (2 marks) Q7. Select the appropriate option. (HA) A forward contract is very difficult to use ; understand TRUE FALSE A forward contract can be settled using any amount TRUE FALSE (2 marks) Q8. Calculate the amount to be paid using Money market hedging? (MCQ)  ¥47  ¥2,744  ¥2,851  ¥2,898 (2 marks) Q9. Gaffs Co is considering a currency swap. Which of the following statement is correct? (MCQ) The contract cannot be tailored The exact date of receipt/payment is known The contract is binding Transaction cost is very expensive (2 marks) Q10. What will be the gain/loss if the payment is lead and paid immediately compared to forward contract? (MCQ)  ¥41 (Loss)  ¥158 (Loss)  ¥41 (Gain)  ¥158 (Gain) (2 marks) INTEREST RISK The following scenario relates to Q11-15. Tito Co is looking into the financing options to obtain a new subsidiary. Tito Co has estimated that they will need to borrow the USA $200,000 in two months’ time for six months. The company is concerned about the fluctuations in interest rates and is considering hedging this risk. Tito Co has been advised to consider using a forward rate agreement. The FRA’s are as follows: 2 months V 6 months 2.1% – 3.6% 2 months V 8 months 5% – 4.7% Q11. What will be the interest payment on the market interest rate of 4%? (MCQ) $700 $3,600 $4,000 $4,700 (2 marks) Q12. What will be the refundable percentage if the market interest rate is 6%? (MCQ) 1.3% 2.4% 3.6.% 4.7%(2 marks) Q13. The six-month forward rate is $1.515/â‚ ¬. The local interest rate is 4% ; the foreign interest rate is 6%. Calculate the six months’ forward rate? (MCQ) $1.45/â‚ ¬ $1.5/â‚ ¬ $1.54/â‚ ¬ $1.63/â‚ ¬ (2 marks) Q14. Select the appropriate option. (HA) Purchasing power parity theory tends to hold true in the long-term TRUE FALSE Inflation rates can be used to calculate expected future spot rates TRUE FALSE Current spot rates are based on interest rates TRUE FALSE (2 marks) Q15. Which of the following statements is/are true in relation to forward rate agreements? (MRQ) They are difficult to obtain for periods over one year FRA may not protect the borrower from adverse changes in the market FRA’s are over the counter contracts (2 marks) ANSWERS Q1. C Forward market hedge (receipt) = $650,000 à · 1.88 =  £345,745 Q2.  £396,522 Borrow = $650,000 à · [1 + (5% Ãâ€" 4/12)] = $639,344 Convert = $639,344 à · 1.65 =  £387,481 Deposit interest = [ £387,481 Ãâ€" (7% Ãâ€" 4/12)] =  £9,041 Total receipts =  £387,481 +  £9,041 =  £396,522 Q3. C All other options are correct to deal with transaction risk. The company can only net off if the currency/ amount/ timing all are same. Q4. B Indirect impact as competitor price will eventually decrease for the customers ; will shift to competitor business rather than staying at R2F. Q5. D Swaps have either nominal or no cost. Options have high premium cost. Futures have initial margin cost but are refundable. A forward contract is not a derivative but has a transaction cost. Q6.  ¥2,900 Forward market hedge (payment) = $30,000 à · 10.35 =  ¥2,899 Q7. A forward contract is very difficult to use ; understand FALSE A forward contract can be settled using any amount TRUE The forward contract is easy to use ; understand. The rate used is fixed and any amount can be settled using the locked rate. Q8. D Deposit = $30,000 à · [1 + (6.3% Ãâ€" 6/12)] = $29,084 Convert = $29,084 à · 10.2 =  ¥2,851 Borrow interest = [ ¥2,851 Ãâ€" (3.3% Ãâ€" 6/12)] =  ¥47 Total payments =  ¥2,851 +  ¥47 =  ¥2,898 Q9. C The contract can be tailored, The exact date of receipt/payment is not known, can be done anytime The contract is binding, (Correct) Transaction cost is either nominal or nothing Q10. A Spot (payment) = $30,000 à · 10.2 =  ¥2,941 Difference =  ¥2,941 –  ¥2,900 =  ¥41 (Loss) Q11. C Interest Payment = [200,000 Ãâ€" (4% Ãâ€" 6/12)] = $4,000 Q12. A The market interest rate is 6% ; The FRA fixed interest rate is 4.7%. The refundable interest rate = 6% – 4.7% = 1.3% Q13. B Calculated using Interest rate parity theory = Spot rate = $X Ãâ€" 1+(6% Ãâ€" 612)1+(4% Ãâ€"612) = $1.515 X= $1.5/â‚ ¬ Q14. Purchasing power parity theory tends to hold true in the long-term TRUE Inflation rates can be used to calculate expected future spot rates TRUE Current spot rates are based on interest rates FALSE Purchasing power parity theory is true in a long term as it is used to forecast future exchange rates and gives future spot rates. Interest rate parity theory uses interest rates to calculate forward rates. Q15. They are difficult to obtain for periods over one year, it is a limitation of FRA’s hence (Correct) FRA may not protect the borrower from adverse changes in the market, it protects the borrower from adverse market interest rates hence (Incorrect) FRA’s are over the counter contracts (Correct) How to cite Currency Risk Test, Papers

Human rights in the international relations - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Human rights in the international relations. Answer: The international relations theories enables to comprehend the world through several lenses each representing various and distinct theoretical perspectives. Traditionally, there have been two essential International relations theories namely, the realism and liberalism theories. Although there have been several other theories that exists in International relations which includes institutionalism, constructivism, neo-Grascianism and other contradicting theories, but, the liberalism and realism theories remain to be fundamental and the most prevalent international relations theories. International Organizations have become an essential part of the international relations and the significance of the international organizations increases with an enhancement in the interdependence. At the centre of any forms of economic and political challenges in the 21st century, the presence of the international organizations can be rightfully traced. This essay entails the significant role that intern ational organizations play in the context of eh international relations theories (Kelley Simmons, 2015). It further discusses about role of an actor played such international organizations with the objective to achieve common purpose or goals. It would further lay emphasis on the importance of the international organizations and the extent to which it has a impact on global politics and international relations through the two fundamental international relations theories of Liberalism and Realism. International organizations are formal institutional structures that surpass national boundaries that resulted from the multilateral agreement among the nation-states. The international organizations have been established with the sole objective to promote international cooperation in fields like law, economic, security, diplomacy and social matters. The international organization can be categorized into intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and non-governmental organization (NGOs). IGOs refer to the entities that are established with sufficient organizational structure and autonomy. These organizations strive to provide formal, multilateral and ongoing processes of decision making between the states along with the capacity to implement the collective of the member states. On the other hand, the NGOs refer to the non-state voluntary organizations that are created by individuals with an objective to attain common purpose that are frequently associated with public good and beyond the individuals themselves. The development of these huge representative bodies can be traced back to the end of the World War II when there arose a need to reconstruct the world through the international relations. Since the development of the international organizations with respect to the international relations, there has been acceleration in the development of such organizations who strive to work on economic and socio-political aspect with several and particular objectives while approaching groups, individuals, societies and states. The Realism and the Liberalism international relations theories enable to comprehend the impact of the international organizations (Klabbers, 2015). Realism is an essential International Relations Theory that is based on negative attitude and perspective of human nature. The fundamental aspect of this international relations theory lies in the qualified power of state because there is no world government to impose stability and order, which enables the state to involve in self-help activities and ensure their basic survival interests including survival, power capability and security. The realists argue that security and power are two essential concepts as they are related to the states within the international system. Due to the importance given to the concept of power and state security, several realists considers international organizations to be entities that merely aids the states attain its objective in terms of the security ad increased power. In the words of Figui (2014), the states do not surrender to the international institutions and the international organizations play less important role and merely demonstrate nationa l power and interests, thus they do not restrict powerful states. One such instance is that of the US hegemony and the use of International organizations as a source for expanding power for achieving guarantee security and self-interest. Thus, for the believers of realism theory, international organizations are either important only when the international organizations operate to achieve the interests of the states or the international organizations do not matter to the realists. According to Forsythe (2017) realists hardly believe that the international organizations fail to prevent powerful countries from pursuing something if their interests are not in accordance to the concerned issue. Nevertheless, this does not imply that international organizations are not considered important to the realists at all but rather, international organizations are often considered to fail to achieve as it is expected to achieve. As Keck (2015) asserts that these international; organizations play a significant role in great power calculations that is something aligned to the state interests. As mentioned earlier, that the international organizations have been used by great powers and hegemony like the US to achieve their interests in the international system. There are other non-great power states that may also use the international organizations to achieve their objectives and goals and to have a proper say within the existing system. In respect to the issues related to realism as related to international law, which forms an essential part of the international organizations is either irrelevant to the realism theory believers or it only serves to be beneficial to the state and to their objectives of security and power, similar to the international organizations themselves. The neo-realist approach states that the international organizations are always fundamentally not effective as the organizations fail to deter the states from being self-interested and engaging in power politics. Michaelow (2017) believes that international organizations have marginal power which paves the way to various power relations between state, thus, making them expression of power in the international system. Nevertheless, the realists have also argued that the international organizations matter as it provides a mechanism for the complicity of great power. The fact that the international organizations are great powers, it implies that they are performing well under the prevailing institutions and rules. Sewell (2015) states that international organizations are useful for making trivial adjustments within the prevailing order without compromising with the basic fundamental norms and principles. Furthermore, the right to control and create International organizations is apparen tly, what the most powerful states have fought for in the destructive wars in the past. The liberalism international relations theory refers to the post-war structure for global politics that is based on the construction of a political, legal and global system, which goes beyond the state, ensuring protection to all human subjects. This international relations theory is based on two basic concepts, firstly, interdependence liberalism theory that considers modernization as means of enhancing the level of interdependence of states. Secondly, institutional liberalism theory that considers international institutions as mechanisms to foster or encourage cooperation between the states within the international system. The assumptions of this theory are based on modernization and positive human progress, which eventually leads to cooperation. Modernization refers to the process of creating progress not only in most areas of life as well as development of a modern state. Due to modernization, cooperation based on mutual interests shall succeed as it increases the scope and level of international relations where the international expenses are lower and the levels of higher interdependence are high. Therefore, in the event of high degree of interdependence, states will often establish international institutions to deal with the issues and optimize welfare. These international organizations have been established to foster cooperation across international boundaries by reducing the expenses and endowing with information. The international organizations can be categorized as formal organizations such as WTO (World trade organization) and European Union (EU) or they can be less formal sets of agreements that are commonly known as regimes. The Liberalism international relation theory considers international cooperation and progress are fundamental characteristics that constrain the non-state actors, International organizations and the states. The liberalist theorists consider these various institutions to be accountable for dealing with international problems in a legal, peaceful and human way. According to Yi-Chong (2017), the structural changes made in the international relations during the post-cold war period have empowered new forms of actors providing them with new opportunities to act. Some of the structural changes include privatization and globalization. Globalization has weakened the association between the territory enclosed by state border and social action. Privatization that was led by Reagan and Thatcher has amalgamated the change in relations between social power and states. The success of the US and the liberal model, privatization has influenced several organizations to change the cold-war style of bipolarity of states and thrust for liberal capitalist change that symbolized the presence of several actors. The neo-liberalism institutionalism unlike the neo-realism, lays emphasize on the significance of the importance of UNs work with regional organization, as they are fundamental in the international diplomatic process predicting. This form of international relations theory stresses on the attempts made by the UN to coordinate the state actions and harmonize the world community despite it face numerous challenges while gathering Member states and asking them to follow its vision and principles. The disagreement between the realist and liberalist theories of international relations as well as other such theories does jot lies in over the significance of the role of the international organizations and its existence or that they are found when there is high cooperation, rather on the claim whether they have an independent impact. According to Yi-Chong (2017), the realist theory supporters would perceive the viewpoint where they would consider the international organizations to provide minimum change to the constant power struggle for the sole reason that they are unable to change human nature that yearns for power. The international organizations can neither bring any change in the nature of the anarchical system. On the other hand, the liberalist theory believers cannot perceive a contemporary world where the government is solely responsible to execute all duties towards the nation. According to the viewpoints of the liberalists, cooperation has caused the states to become in terdependent and has paved new paths for the new actors who have the willingness to work more together with efficiency. International organizations cannot be only considered as the study of relations between international governments. The interdependent relations between people and the voluntary organizations that have common characteristics are compelled to be cooperative as compared to the relations between states because states are exclusive and that their interests are not interrelated. Realists considers that state is the ultimate authority and that the states sigh interstate treaties, propagate wide-ranging rules to regulate desired govern activity and create international law. Liberal theorists states that powerful states cannot be restrained completely. The institutional liberals disagree with the fact that the international organizations are at the mercy of the powerful states. They believe that the international organizations are capable of influencing international relations and they criticize the viewpoints of the realists. They state that several other members and state actors instead of powerful states lead the International organizations (Michaelowa, 2017). From the above discussion, it can be inferred that when states associates with the international economic organization, there are certain obligations that must be carried out and are known as rule of the international organization. This essay entailed the importance of the international organizations in world or global politics and that its role is dependent on the theoretical framework and the construction of the institutional system. In case of the realist and neo-realist believers, international organizations will remain to be effective as they will not be able to change the anarchic structure of the international system and neither can they change the desire for power that the states within the international system yearns for. The liberalist and the neo-liberalist believers opinionated that the international organizations are capable of influencing the conduct of the state by developing string incentives for cooperation and implementing disincentives at the same time (Roach, Grif fiths O'Callaghan, 2014). The UN system is one forum for nations that unites to resolve issues that concerns the international community. It is often observed that forum such as the UN are often prevented to act and then accused of non-performance. Therefore, if the failures of the UN system are ignored and the virtue of the UN system is given more importance, it can be inferred that the UN system is an effective center for harmonizing discussions and developing common goals for states. Reference list Baylis, J., Owens, P., Smith, S. (Eds.). (2017).The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Booth, K., Erskine, T. (Eds.). (2016).International relations theory today. John Wiley Sons. Figui, M. (2014). Towards a global governance of risks: international health organisations and the surveillance of emerging infectious diseases.Journal of risk research,17(4), 469-483. Forsythe, D. P. (2017).Human rights in international relations. Cambridge University Press. Frieden, J. A., Lake, D. A. (2015).World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions: Third International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Geiger, M., Pcoud, A. (2014). International organisations and the politics of migration.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,40(6), 865-887. Hill, C., Smith, M., Vanhoonacker, S. (2017).International relations and the European Union. Oxford University Press. Jackson, R., Srensen, G. (2016).Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. Oxford university press. Keck, S. L. (2015). Introduction. InBritish Burma in the New Century, 18951918(pp. 1-27). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Kelley, J. G., Simmons, B. A. (2015). Politics by number: indicators as social pressure in international relations.American Journal of Political Science,59(1), 55-70. Klabbers, J. (2015).An introduction to international organizations law. Cambridge University Press. Michaelowa, K. (2017). Resourcing international organisations: so what?.Global Policy,8(S5), 113-123. Roach, S. C., Griffiths, M., O'Callaghan, T. (2014).International relations: the key concepts. Routledge. Sewell, J. P. (2015).Unesco and world politics: Engaging in international relations. Princeton University Press. Yi-Chong, X. (2017). Leaders in international organisations.Social Alternatives,36(3), 43-49.